Child Abuse Of New Zealand Essay - 1280 Words

From 2013 to 2015 a staggering 843 children were taken into hospitals all over New Zealand.From black eyes to internal damage these children are damaged throughout their lives. Not only mentally and physically, but sometimes even ending them. Each one of these 843 children had one thing in common and that was that they had all been betrayed by someone that was in a position where they re meant to care and love from them, all of these 842 child were victims of child abuse. New Zealand is currently the 5th highest country for child abuse cases, everyday a new report has been filed about child abuse. Considering that New Zealand is the 75th biggest country out of 196, this is a disgusting, we are such a small country, 4.5 million people (as if 2013), and to have such high child abuse rates, shows that we as a nation are doing something incredibly wrong. These children are not beaten and bruised by strangers on the street, but abused by people that are in roles that are suppose to love and care for them, their legal guardians or a member of the child s family. Child abuse, as a whole, is more than just bruised or broken bones, whilst physical abuse is extremely shocking due to the scars it leaves, not all child abuse is as obvious. Abuse is broken down into four major groups. Physical abuse, neglect, psychological abuse and sexual abuse. Physical abuse; Any non-accidental act or behaviour that results in an injury, trauma or other physical suffering or bodily damage.Show MoreRelatedCrime As A Social Construction Essay1721 Words   |  7 PagesNeutralisation and drift theory helps us to explain why people abuse children by showing us how perpetrators rationalise their guilt for these actions before they physically, sexually, emotionally abuse or neglect children. They do this by blaming their actions on other people, higher forces or believing their acts are harmless. In this essay I will begin by talking about crime as a social construction then touch on child abuse in New Zealand followed by a discussion of how my social contract theory helpsRead MoreNewsworthiness of Child Abuse Cases821 Words   |  3 Pagesactions and decisions of news editors and producers (Surrette, 1992). The role of the media according to O’Shaughnessy and Stadler (2008) is to give the public an insight on what is happening in the wo rld and to make sense of that information to the public. The main focus of this essay will be looking two main concepts which are newsworthiness and the dark figure of crime, relating 5 news articles that are centred around child abuse that have featured in the New Zealand Herald and stuff.co.nz. TheRead MoreYouth Crime And Domestic Violence Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pages Youth Crime and Domestic Violence Name: Institution: Youth Crime and Domestic Violence Introduction Youth Crime has increased in New Zealand and although the prosecution has decreased the issue has attracted the attention of the members of the public. According to data from the Ministry of Justice (2015) the numbers of children between the ages of ten to thirteen and young people between the ages of fourteen and sixteen who are charged in court is lowest in over two decades. NonethelessRead MoreSection 59 of the Crimes Act and a Parents Right to Discipline their Child689 Words   |  3 Pagestheir child. Parents are in a position of authority in which they are responsible for shaping their children into respectful, law abiding citizens, and often a light smack to the hand or bottom is an effective way of teaching the right attitude and behaviour. If a child displays behaviour that goes against what their parents are teaching them, a light smack is often necessary in letting the child know what they are doing is wrong. Changing the Crimes Act will not stop serious physical abuse fromRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1306 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence their health. This essay focuses on children between the ages of zero to 19 and examines what the social determinants of health are. Firstly, it attempts to analyse poverty, family violence, addiction and the impacts on the health of younger New Zealanders who are exposed to those determinants. Secondly, strategies, initiatives and prevention services are identified at national, regional and local levels to investigate what the government and other non-government organisations are doing toRead MoreThe Lecture On Domestic Violence Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough the family court with evidence of domestic violence or potential danger (Morden, 2016). The lecture also demonstrated that the law does not tolerate even single acts of abuse and takes procedures very seriously. The various acts are in place and are continually improving to pro tect New Zealanders that may be in danger of abuse. The first reading, ‘Gender bias, fathers’ rights, domestic violence and the Family court’, argues that laws regarding domestic violence are bias towards men. This accusationRead MoreHealth Promotion Of Nz Women s Health Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagesthat it can give to the unborn child (AlcoholNZ, 2015). New Zealand’s society has become more tolerant to regular alcohol consumption, which results to the increasing rate of women, especially young women who drinks alcohol while they’re pregnant. If a woman doesn’t know that she is pregnant, or is pregnant, or trying to get pregnant, it can result to various pregnancy issues like miscarriage, and the baby born with a range of lifelong effects and even death. A child who was exposed to alcohol duringRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily violence and intimate-partner violence, is psychological, physical and sexual violence that takes place within home environment. Adults and children can both be victims. Domestic violence is a major human rights issue across the world, and one of New Zealand’s most serious social issues. One in three women in Aotearoa will experience an abusive relationship, with many more coming dangerously close. Reason Domestic violences occurs when the abuser wanting to rule their other half because theyRead MoreSex Offenders And Sexual Offenders Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagesof a sexual offence make up approximately 20% of prison population in New Zealand (Nadesu, 2011). In 2005, there were 703 in total apprehensions of sexual assaults committed against children 16 years and under in New Zealand. Since then there has been a rise with total of 1029 apprehensions recorded in 2014 (New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse, 2015), thus may be a reason as to why there has been such interest around child sexual offenders in criminology. Furthermore, sexual offending tendsRead Moredomestic violence act in Uk1627 Words   |  7 PagesTo keep the interests of children at the centre of this research, the analysis was structured around the categories of rights set out under the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)5 such as protection from abuse, fair treatment without discrimina tion, help in conquer emotion from abuse, stoppage of violence and involving in arrangement for children’s welfare. As time pass, in year 2004 the legislature had extend and amend the provision in Domestic Violence protection order

The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility Essays

The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility With the interest in Corporate Social Responsibility growing, increasing numbers of organisations are incorporating CSR into their business operations in an effort to be seen acting as good corporate citizens, so what is CSR what is its role in todays organizations? The term CSR refers to a company?s obligation to maximize its positive impact on society, accommodating changing social, market stakeholder pressures in an effort to achieve sustainable economic, social environmental development throughout its operations and activities. CSR puts expectations, continuous improvement innovation at the heart of business strategies and the four dimensions of social responsibility†¦show more content†¦A global economy improvements in technology have enabled the public access to information relating to how socially responsible and ethical corporations are being which has resulted in increased worldwide sensitivity to ethical issues. Consumers are taking more interest in the companies which they use, their impact on the environment, on local communities, in how they treat their workforce. Nike was widely condemned over their treatment of workers use of child labour in developing countries. Investors are making investment decisions based on so cial sustainability governments have tightened legislation developed economic, environmental social initiatives to encourage CSR. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), provides suggestions for corporations reporting on the economic, environmental social dimensions of their activities, products, and services whilst standards such as ISO 14001, encourage assist firms to develop environmental programs, management systems to report their efforts. The new UK mandatory corporate reporting regime (OFR) will force around 1,300 companies to report on social environmental issues affecting their business, pushing CSR to the top of many board agendas. These factors mean that organisations are now evaluated on the basis of financial, social environmental performance are being forced to address social problems, previously perceived as the responsibility of government civil society.Show MoreRelatedConcept Of Corporate Social Responsibility839 Words   |  4 Pagesand concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been a much deliberated and controversial one. So aged has been this deliberation that Votaw and Sethi (1973) depicted it as a brilliant term; which rightfully means something, but not always the same thing to everybody. The research of Marrewijk (2013, p.95) elaborated on the intensity of this unending debate among academics, consultants and corporate executives which results in creating, supporting and criticizing of different concepts. IRead MoreThe Concept Of Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility According to Pearce Robinson (2014), corporate social responsibility (CSR) is â€Å"the idea that business has a duty to serve society in general as well as the financial interests of stockholders.†(P.56) The concept of corporate social responsibility of the business operation must comply with sustainable development idea; the company should not only consider its own financial and operating conditions, but also think of its impacts on the social and environmentRead MoreConcept Of Corporate Social Responsibility1723 Words   |  7 PagesSocial responsibility is an idea that has been of concern to mankind for many years. Over the last two decades, however, it has become of increasing concern to the business world. This has resulted in growing interaction between governments, businesses and society as a whole. In the past, businesses primarily concerned themselves with the economic results of their decisions. â€Å"Today, however, businesses must also reflect on the legal, eth ical, moral and social consequences of their decisions† (AndersonRead MoreThe Concepts Of Corporate Social Responsibility1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have been evolving for decades. At the very beginning, it was argued that corporation’s sole responsibility was to provide maximum financial returns to shareholders. However, it became quickly apparent to everyone that this pursuit of financial gain had to take place within the boundary of the legal system (Carroll, 1979;1991). Bowen’s 1953 publication of ‘Social Responsibility of Businessman’ was considered by many scholar to be the first definitiveRead MoreConcept Of Corporate Social Responsibility2717 Words   |  11 PagesPurpose and Outline of the report Task A 2.0 Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 2.1 Deontological Theory 2.2 Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility 3.0 Key issues of Corporate Social Responsibility 3.1 Economical Issues 3.2 Legal Ethical Issues 3.3 Application of Code of Conduct Issues Task B 4.0 Responsible Practices Task C 5.0 Recommendations Appendices References Report on Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background Do allRead MoreThe Concept Of Corporate Social Responsibility2237 Words   |  9 PagesThe classic origin of the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) came from the principle that the purpose of the corporation is to make profits for the stockholders. This view of Milton Friedman came to be referred to later as the classical theory of CSR (Bowie, 1991). Tom Donaldson argued that this theory derived from the concept of the social contract between the corporation and the society where it operates. This perspective, however, faced criticism over its inherently opportunisticRead MoreThe Concept Of Corporate Social Responsibility1174 Words   |  5 Pages The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been developed for decades and it has been conceptualized in a number of ways. The business only can get success if there is interaction between all stakeholders in the company. The business organization of any form whether it is small or large, are seen as a creation of society and their survival is only dependent on the society. Socially responsible firms view CSR as a source of competitive advantage by attracting a higherRead MoreThe Concept Of Corporate Social Responsibility Essay3395 Words   |  14 Pagestransparency, environment, business and society. The corporates started understanding that they would have to rise over and above the profitability and take care of all those related with their survival in the society directly or indirectly. This understanding is the result of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This report is to understand of key concepts, principles of CSR, business ethi cs, corporate governance, and social responsible investing by the two case study of the TATARead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : A New Concept2201 Words   |  9 PagesCorporate social responsibility occurs where organizations take full responsibility for their actions to their customers, the environment of operations, immediate communities, stakeholders and employees among others. It extends beyond the legal scope and initiates voluntary steps towards the improvement and sustenance of quality life to the various actors it is affiliated to. For instance, they take part in eradicating poverty-related issues, providing basic amenities to the affected communitiesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : A Strategic Concept1393 Words   |  6 PagesSection 1: Introduction Corporate social responsibility is a notable strategic concept whose presence in today’s business world cannot be overlooked. This paper consists of an intricate analysis of corporate social responsibility, as well as an investigation on how Target Corporation is handling this increasingly popular business concept. The background and foundation of this business approach is thoroughly depicted, shedding light on its rising acclaim among firms and the positive effects it has

Bernard Shaw’s Contribution to Realism Free Essays

In 1891, Shaw writes The Quintessence of Ibsenism after seeing Ibsen’s A Doll House two years before. It is a criticism that tells us about Shaw more than Ibsen. In his book he talks about many aspects: the realist and idealist, that idealist wears mask and avoid the truth and reality whereas the realist faces it, and the human behaviors should justify itself by its effect on life; no one is villain and no one is hero because in reality, as Shaw sees, there is no complete man to be hero. We will write a custom essay sample on Bernard Shaw’s Contribution to Realism or any similar topic only for you Order Now From this, it arrived to us his theory that there is no villain or hero because it is a matter of affection of life on an individual. We see in Widowers’ Houses, a character rents a slum houses to poor people, he makes use of them, and here we see the real characters as human being away from the romantic conventions. Also, in The Philanderer, it tackles social problems through witty comedy. Another theory in the book, he talks about the idea Unwomanly Woman who rejects the idealism of womanliness that is capable working for her future and to be independent.As we see in Mrs. Warren’s Profession, when Vive refuses to act in a traditional feminine manner, always speaking her mind and demanding that others treat her as an individual who can work for her future and take her decision. The three plays I mentioned are categorized as â€Å"Plays Unpleasant† because it forces the spectator to face unpleasant facts, and it is not to entertain them but to raise the awareness of social problems there.As a result Shaw answered them with â€Å"â€Å"I do not hesitate to say that many of my critics have bee n completely beaten by the play simply because they are ignorant of society. † Shaw scorned the â€Å"well-made play† thinking that a play should grow out of the imagination not by plans and specifications. And although they play has no certain technique to follow, as Shaw believes, it must be didactic and to teach because it can be more real. He introduces the problem plays as part of the realism exposing many social ill and problems.As he continues his theory, he attacks the traditional Victorian acting, and he sees the need of new school of acting to teach actors how to be â€Å"plastic† that can act in any style and not to be dominated to sentimental roles. Because of his bad experience with censorship about his previous â€Å"Plays Unpleasant†, he should find a way to publish his plays and at the same time satisfying them. So, he tries to lower their defense by making them laugh through the method of clown and absurdist.As a result, he called his next plays as â€Å"Plays Pleasant,† and to not to be as his previous one, he uses the burlesque form to disguise its themes. Although at first he doesn’t like the well-made play, but in Arms and Man, he used it and exploited it to achieve his aim. Moreover, he discovers his style in Italian opera, and he thinks it is more enchantment than drama, besides his drama by mixing the satirical burlesque of Gilbert and the wit of Wild with his operatic style. Styan, J. L. Modern Drama in Theory and Practice: Realism and naturalism. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1983. How to cite Bernard Shaw’s Contribution to Realism, Papers

Development Leadership and Change Management

Question: Discuss about the Development Leadership and Change Management. Answer: Introduction The leadership is necessary for the organization as it promotes the initiation of the action from every working personnel who are working collaboratively for accomplishing the organizational goals. Shetty (2014) portrays that effective leadership plays a crucial role in motivating their employees and provide them guidance so that they can give their best for the organizational proceedings. Building morale and formulating effective work environment are the two additional benefits of the presence of leadership within an organization. In this business report, the theory of leadership style followed in the COCA-COLA will be analyzed. Moreover, the gap analysis of the concept model of leadership and leadership case in COCA-COLA will also be discussed along with the SWOT analysis of the concerned organization and the application of Lewin's change model. Lastly, the report wraps up with the recommendation and an overall conclusion of the entire discussion. Gap analysis The leadership style that is illustrated in the first assignment is the contingency theory and path-goal theory while in the case study of the Coca-Cola is innovative leadership, cross-cultural leadership and visionary leadership. In the first assignment, it is stated that supportive leadership, where the employees are treated as the important assets and participative leadership reflects the sharing of knowledge within the organization. Later in the second assignment, it is seen that bottling partners are in constant contact so that local strategy of the coca-cola can be executed. In addition to that, the first assignment emphasizes on the leadership styles of directive leadership and achievement-oriented leadership. Directive leadership signifies that the leaders direct their employee to follows one certain procedure; however, Coca-Cola gives importance to innovative leadership (Kerr, 2014). This provides the employee the encouragement to suggest new ideas. This innovation also leads to the investments in the RD. Adekola and Sergi (2016) defines that Cross-Cultural Leadership is also adopted by the company so that their good features can be taken into consideration like productivity of Japan, hard-work of Indians and punctuality of Chinese; while, in the traditional leadership, diversification is not introduced and it results in conflicts. The gap relies on the taking advantage of the diversified knowledge of the employee so that perception of there can be better understand a customized products according to their need can be developed. SWOT analysis of the case study SWOT Factors Analysis of the factors Strengths Coca-Cola is a well-known brand across the world and they have their brand popularity everywhere except for Cuba and North Korea. They also have some renowned subsidiary brands like Kinley, Limca,and Minute Made, etc. Their leaders effectively analyze the trends of the locality and people demands and formulate new products like Diet Coke for health-conscious people (Mirvis et al. 2016). Their effective leadership styles also result in the employee strength of around 150,000 people across the globe (Foster, 2014). They have some leaders following transformational leadership traits and as a result, they have adopted a modern approach to promoting their brands. These leaders also emphasize on the CSR activities and Coca-Cola always donates a portion of their annual revenue for the benefits of recycling, education, health, etc. Sports, cultural events and tournaments sponsorship also help them to gain the recognition among the community. Weakness Ineffective monitoring of the managing authorities and the leader's results in poor organizational proceedings- like the presence of traces of pesticides are found in the drink. Constant strong competition from other leading organization like PepsiCo over the leadership styles and market shares The organization only focuses on the manufacturing of the drink products and not yet started the formulation of the snack item as like other competitors do (Rubin, 2013) Opportunity Leadership styles in the Coca-Cola have the chance to identify the requirement of snack products so that more customers can get attracted towards their brand (Pfitzer et al., 2013). They have the opportunity to acquire other companies Threats In order to expand their business goals, they have the threat of legal obligations of those countries and places. Market inflation, economic slowdown and instability of the nations where Coca-Cola is operating their business is a great threat to the concerned organization. Table 1: SWOT analysis of the case study (Source: Created by Author) Lewin's change model Lewin's change model has three steps to follow- unfreezing,changing andrefreezing (van den Heuvel et al., 2013). Manchester et al. (2014) stated that according to Kurt Lewin, the process first starts from the perception that change is required and then bring small changes in the behavior and then transforming those changes in behavior into a norm. Lewin's Change Model Factors Explanation Application Unfreezing Worley and Mohrman (2014) defines that an organization when understands that there is a requirement of change, they test the Lewin's change model. Sutherland (2013) depicts that the prime objective of this step is to evaluation whether the application of the change within the workplace is hindering the organization in some way, as some people do not resist change suddenly. In this process, the managing authority has to evaluate the organizational structure carefully and provide the employees a valid reason for how necessary change is for the organization and what will be the benefits of the changes in applied in the organization. In the first stage of the Lewin's Change Model, the leader of the Coca-Cola identifies that there is a change that has to be made in its products and business strategies that can satisfy the needs of the customers and external environment. The first change noticed is the expansion of their business to other countries other than the United States. The second change they intend to implement is to promote their brand by doing social work. The implementation of the third change was to overcome the situation of financial crisis like in the times of the Asian financial crisis they acquired bottling, coffee and tea shop. The fourth change is to innovate their products for satisfying every consumer need and more secure packaging. They also desire to change the advertising technique of their brand and target group. They also change their activities of Employee Engagement Changing In this stage, the organization must transition into the new state for the implementation of the change rule (Karnani, 2013). Moreover, in this phase employee struggles with new changes. In addition to that, Kapferer (2012) states that at one hand, some employee takes this change rule enthusiastically while some of them are suffering from uncertainty and fear. One of the positive things about this phase is that people begin to learn the new behaviors and technological advantages that the organization implements in the workplace and education, communication, support and time are provided to employees so that they can learn to utilize these changes for better productivity. Coca-cola takes the initiatives for legal obligations so that they can expand their company to other countries. For this, they need to implement diversification in the company. Karnani (2013) stated that for attaining better CSR rating, Coco-Cola took initiatives for the enrolling their employees in voluntary works. In order to implement acquisition, negotiation was done that require in the adoption of other organization's culture and behavior. RD plays a crucial role in the innovation of the products that requires training to the employee so that they can suggest something better for the organization (Cummings Worley, 2014). Training in IT so that new digital media can be targeted for the advertisements (Greenfield, 2016). Change in the reward system to motivate employees that may set different goals and targets for employees. Refreezing The final stage of his change model is the act ofreinforcing, stabilizing and implementing the change rule in the workplace. The primary objective to make this change as a norm is to evaluate whether an employee is reverting to their old thinking and business procedure. Benn et al. (2014) further stated that some organization positive rewards and acknowledgment are being offered to the employees so that they can positively reinforce the changed policy in the workplace. The effective leadership results in the establishment of 64 plants across the 200 countries to supply drinks. Coca-Cola provides free drinks and beverages to the needy people and does social work (Metzger, 2014). They had successfully acquired bottling, coffee and tea shop businesses in Korea and Malaysia so that they can use their technology for the benefits of their brand. The research has successfully implemented by formulating the health drinks like diet Coke and improved packaging that can prevent the drink from harmful effects. Change has been implemented in the advertising strategies like a Facebook fan page, Twitter and Instagram (Dempster et al., 2015). Employee training for gathering the knowledge of the new challenges to achieve the goals while taking advantage of the reward system (Nachiappan et al., 2016). Table 2: Lewin's change model and its explanation and application (Source: Created by Author) Recommendation The managing authorities in the Coca-Cola must ascertain the core problems that are required for the change management. System thinking is used to guide change, and employee defiance has to be reduced. The concerned organization must have to take the initiative to develop the requirement of the change in their organization and encourage them to participate in the changes rather than imposing the thoughts on them. In addition to that, after the creation of the powerful coalition, the change vision has to be communicating with their employees so that they can see the future advancement of the organization. Conclusion It can be concluded that Coca-cola has implemented the change management in their organizational procedure for the betterment of their organization. Throughout the years, they have implemented the change management strategies like diversification of the employee so that the penetration of their products in different countries can be easily understood. Unlike the traditional leadership styles, Coca-Cola emphasizes on the transformation leadership skills so that they can values their employee and encourage them to suggest new ideas for improving the organizational culture. The SWOT analysis and Lewin's change model describes that the leadership follows in the Coca-Cola is effective and as a result, they not only expand their brand in other countries but they also introduce new advertisements strategies like Facebook fan pages, Twitter and Instagram. Moreover, they also take initiatives to offer their products to the needy people for enhancing their CSR ratings and the change in the lea dership in Coca-Cola reflects in the employee motivation and reward system. Reference List Adekola, A., Sergi, B. S. (2016).Global business management: A cross-cultural perspective. Routledge. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Dempster, C., Williams, D. S., Lee, J. (2015).The Rise of the Platform Marketer: Performance Marketing with Google, Facebook, and Twitter, Plus the Latest High-growth Digital Advertising Platforms. John Wiley Sons. Foster, R. J. (2014). Corporations as Partners:Connected Capitalism and The Cocaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Cola Company.PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review,37(2), 246-258. Karnani, A. G. (2013). Corporate Social Responsibility Does Not Avert the Tragedy of the Commons--Case Study: Coca-Cola India.Ross School of Business Paper, (1210). Karnani, A. G. (2013). Corporate Social Responsibility Does Not Avert the Tragedy of the Commons--Case Study: Coca-Cola India.Ross School of Business Paper, (1210). Kerr, J. M. (2014). Establish LeadershipThe Foundation for Change. InThe Executive Checklist(pp. 5-23). Palgrave Macmillan US. Manchester, J., Gray-Miceli, D. L., Metcalf, J. A., Paolini, C. A., Napier, A. H., Coogle, C. L., Owens, M. G. (2014). Facilitating Lewin's change model with collaborative evaluation in promoting evidence based practices of health professionals.Evaluation and program planning,47, 82-90. Metzger, K. (2014). The Import of Culture? The Coca Cola Company in America and Australia. Mirvis, P., Herrera, M. E. B., Googins, B., Albareda, L. (2016). Corporate social innovation: How firms learn to innovate for the greater good.Journal of Business Research. Nachiappan, R. M., Anantharaman, N., Muthukumar, N. (2016). Design of a New Reward System in a Continuous Line Manufacturing Industry.IUP Journal of Operations Management,15(2), 7. Pfitzer, M., Bockstette, V., Stamp, M. (2013). Innovating for shared value.Harvard Business Review,91(9), 100-107. Rubin, E. N. (2013). Assessing your leadership style to achieve organizational objectives.Global Business and Organizational Excellence,32(6), 55-66. Shetty, N. (2014). Leadership Style at Coca-Cola Company.Retrieved July,16. Sutherland, K. (2013). Applying Lewin's change management theory to the implementation of bar-coded medication administration.Canadian Journal of Nursing Informatics,8(1-2). van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). Adapting to change: The value of change information and meaning-making.Journal of Vocational Behavior,83(1), 11-21. Worley, C. G., Mohrman, S. A. (2014). Is change management obsolete?.Organizational Dynamics,43(3), 214-224.

7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors

7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors 7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors 7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors By Mark Nichol What guides and handbooks does a careful writer (or editor) rely on? I’ve consulted many resources, but the ones on this list have pride of place and show the most wear and tear. 1. The Associated Press Stylebook Associated Press style and Chicago style (see below) differ in some respects, but many of the listings in this alphabetically organized resource will set you straight about how to treat many common and proper nouns. 2. The Chicago Manual of Style This is the primary resource, after a house style guide, for many American publishing companies and other companies that produce publications, providing guidance about grammar and usage as well as topics like abbreviation, capitalization and other emphasis (such as italics or boldface), numbers, and punctuation. It’s only one of many, but it’s preeminent. 3. The Copyeditor’s Handbook This paperback guide, originally conceived as a companion to Chicago, is similar in organization but formatted more like a textbook (I’ve used it as such with great success), with exercises at the back of each chapter. It’s more accessible but not as comprehensive than the preceding book. 4. Garner’s Modern American Usage Language maven Bryan Garner’s authoritative, encyclopedic tome about proper use of words is the definitive specimen of this type. 5. Merriam-Webster’s Biographical Dictionary This is a handy resource for double-checking names of famous people or their life spans (and years in office or on a throne). The publisher’s general dictionary includes in its appendixes both biographical and geographical dictionaries, but the listings in the stand-alone publications are much more extensive. 6. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary Actually, I generally use Merriam-Webster Online, but the print version is handy for finding all the words that start with a certain prefix, or coming up with an alliterative adjective. 7. Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary Find out the current spellings of foreign cities and the official names of countries and their land area and population. The latter figure will be out of date, and you can find this information (and that available in the biographical dictionary) online, but you may prefer flipping pages to clicking through sites. This list is not a purchasing guide don’t blindly buy any of these books. Visit your local library and take a look at them, then decide which are good investments for your needs. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterUsed To vs. Use ToPrepositions to Die With

frequency counter on Macbeth essays

frequency counter on Macbeth essays Ambition (I) iii, 135-142 This quote is significant to our understanding of the play because these lines talk about how Macbeth is thinking ruthless thought which concern the death of Duncan and that his downfall and tragic flaw is his ambition. Order and Disorder (I) ii, 8-23 This quote describes the battle, which is disorder and it creates and uproar and disrupts the peace. This quote talks of war and battle. Appearance usually they are deceitful. People put on appearances to hide things. Equivocation (I) iii, 149-155 Macbeth lies to Banquo after the witches have had their visit. Macbeth is hiding what he is really thinking about. He is pondering the deed of killing the King (Duncan) and taking the throne. He is untruthful towards Banquo. Darkness (I) 5, 49,50,52 All the quotes mentioned have the notion of darkness. They describe the darkness that lies in Macbeth and that lives in Lady Macbeth. She will urge him to commit dark deeds. When darkness is referred to, it foreshadows the death of Duncan and the corruption in the play. (I) 5, 60-62 This quote refers to light. That they have to put on the appearance of being happy and that as if nothing were being plotted against Duncan. (I) 7, 10-12 Signifies the communion-white is represents righteousness and purity, talks about wine-connected to the black mass. Ironic because at the same time Macbeth is involved in darkness. ...

Banning texting while driving Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Banning texting while driving - Research Paper Example According to researchers any type of mobile use while driving that includes talking over phone, texting and that even through hands-free technology is dangerous and deadly. According to David Strayer who is a Professor of Psychology at University of Utah a mere 2% of the population is capable of multitasking with absolute safety. This finding clearly portrays the high-risk exposure of the remaining 98% of the population if they resort to texting while driving. Strayer has also found that cell phones â€Å"make you blind to your own bad driving."(Cruz & Oloffson, 2009) This happens as a driver using the cell phone for texting or to attend a call is bereft of any peripheral vision and mostly looks straight. That way he goes into oblivion regarding his surroundings and that can be immensely harmful in terms of safe driving. Another interesting point is that hands-free texting is of no use regarding safe driving. Hands-free technology rather poses a problem for safe driving. This has be en proven through a simulation test where half the driver failed to stop at the right position while using the hands-free technology. This is bound to happen since driving requires special skills and concentration and even using hands-free technology the brain gets divided between two simultaneous works both of them requiring precision. Support for this argument can be found in writings of the eminent scholars of these disciplines. According to Steven Yantis, the division of brain between vision and hearing is responsible for the aforementioned result. The argument against banning texting while driving gains momentum considering the fact that drivers indulged in such activities have fared poor in a simulated driving environment than even those drivers who were with 0.08% of Blood Alcohol Content. (BAC) (Cruz & Oloffson, 2009) A driver is considered intoxicated if his blood alcohol content is of aforementioned percentage; this refers to the fact that a drunken driver is a better performer than one who is fidgeting with his mobile. Though many holds an equal type of abhorrence on hands free and hand indulging technology while using mobile phones by a driver and therefore speaks equally against them. However, learned scientists at Virginia Tech Transportation Institute hold even grimmer view for texting in respect to

Motivation Paper Self assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivation Paper Self assessment - Essay Example This is correlated to the varying scores that individuals attain in self assessment tests. In this case, it is justified to argue that, the variances in the self assessment tests attribute to the fact that, individuals are different in terms of motivation levels. From the online test, I attained a high score in the dominant needs; average score on the secondary needs, and for the minor needs, the score was lowest. This notion is an interpretation of the fact that, I possess a philosophical mind, my being motivated would only emanate from within, as I am constantly out to foresee what might come out as a result of reactions of peoples’ deeds, especially resultant actions. In the case of an organization, the manager may need to assess my personal ability in an attempt to ensure that I fit in the organization. Since my strength emanates from within, the aspects of self actualization in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs would be beneficial. This aspect allows individuals have a fertile ground where they would achieve their goals and objectives despite the occurrences in the environment. From the test, a person of ability to think through the minds of others is only fair that the other aspects of the hierarchy of needs are satisfied so as they can self actualize. On another angle, theory Y can be applied in my case. This aspect conforms to the fact that, individuals are free to work on their own accord, with minimal supervision. The test attests to my ability to read the minds of persons as well as grasp concepts in an easier manner. I have also been indicated to work easily in the company of others and have emotional intelligence that allows me understand what individuals may result to in various circumstances. In this case, the manager needs not bother instilling the feelings that I need to work, since my motivation levels emanate from within. In an attempt to motivate me, the manager may consider incorporating me in the

The Impact of Social Media on Businesses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Impact of Social Media on Businesses - Essay Example This is because; they will use the social media as a platform to advertise their products to their potential buyers (Zarrela 2010). According to Silver (2009), it is incorrect at this time and age to consign social media as a new phenomenon. Rather, social media should be accepted as part and parcel of the society. Social media has become an integral part of modern society. People do not need to log in to computers to be connected with friends. Nowadays most people are connected on these sites through their mobile phones. For in this way, they receive notifications just like receiving a text message. This means that they are connected on a 24/7 basis. Either way, the idea of social media application is just becoming so simple and easy to use for all types of age groups. Of late, social media has contributed greatly in building more steady governments, and in promoting to more democratic states. For example, Facebook and Twitter, contributed highly to the Arab spring. Through these two social networks, the people of Libya, Egypt and Libya managed to bring an end to abuse of power and dictatorship (Greenslade 2011). As of now, these social networks have brought together people of Syria, who are threatening to topple down the rule of Al Assad, the current president of Syria. In democratic states like Spain, people have used the social media to occupied public plazas nationwide, with a view to protesting high unemployment and exclusionary politics. In Israel, for instance, ordinary citizens from both right and left have put their differences aside and unanimously united in mass demonstrations against the high cost of housing. In India, furthermore, a single campaign against corruption went viral, bringing thousands to the street in support. According to Newman (2011), there are myriad business opportunities that are associated with social media marketing. Many businesses persons will be able to promote their businesses in the

The Internal And External Validity And Reliability Psychology Essay

The Internal And External Validity And Reliability Psychology Essay This chapter contains a description of the research methodology proposed for this study, including a restatement of the purpose and research questions. The chapter is organized with categories pertaining to the instrumentation, data collection, research methodology, ethical concerns, and explanation of the statistical procedures used for a descriptive quantitative analysis. The purpose of this study is to examine the opinions and attitudes of the Colorado Mental Health Institutes clinical staff regarding the perceived value of the Crisis Prevention Institutes Nonviolent Crisis Intervention Program used to manage violence in the hospitals inpatient treatment settings. This will be accomplished through the use of a survey designed to assess the perceptions of those charged with providing direct care to the mentally ill population of the Institute regarding the effectiveness of the Crisis Prevention Institutes Nonviolent Crisis Intervention Program to prevent and manage violent behavior . Designing an attitudinal survey in order to quantify results can be a challenging task depending on what is being measured and selecting the appropriate assessment methodology. Most forms of assessment test large sample groups, with divergent sub-groups to contrast and compare in terms of scores (Thorndike Thorndike-Christ, 2009). The subject areas in the survey that will be used for this assessment are of a non-comparative nature, meaning that each item is scaled independently of the others as opposed to comparing them to each other. The numbers used in the scale will indicate the relative position of items, but not the magnitude of difference between them. With respect to these parameters and limitations, this study will present the survey scores of the participants, along with calculations as to their range and central tendency. In addition, inferences will be made as to factors that may have influenced the scoring choices made by the respondents. In the fields related to education and social science, research exploring the attitudes, feelings, and lived experiences of the respondents is often conducted through the use of a survey methodology. Research data gathered in this manner can be categorized into four types measuring scales containing different information that determines the method of statistical analysis (Stevens, 1946). Perhaps the simplest though least statistically descriptive measurement scale is termed a nominal scale, in which a name or number is assigned to the value of the data for identifying purposes. Numbers used in a nominal scale have no particular order, magnitude, or significance in value other than for the purpose of identification, and though this scale of measurement yields little in terms of detailed statistical information, there is less potential for error secondary to the simplicity its structure (Stevens, 1946). In contrast, an ordinal scale is a level of measurement that does provide a differentiation and value in the numerical assignment (Stevens, 1946). Values can be determined by the ranking the assigned numbers in either an increasing or decreasing fashion, dependent on the design and purpose of the research instrument. An example of this would be 5 point ordinal scale used for an assessment of pain utilizing an increasing design. The number 1 would indicate the least amount of pain experienced, with the number 5 ascribed to the highest level of pain experienced; and the numbers in between reflecting differences in experiential magnitude. Although in this example the level of pain would be indicated by the numerical assignment, the difference in the numbers in the ranking would not necessarily be equal or precise, and the differences between any two rating numbers would not indicate a specific interval. Thus, an ordinal scale may be considered to be a more sophisticated method for measu rement than a nominal scale, yet be less precise for in providing specific information in terms of magnitude than with other levels of measurement such as interval or ratio scales. Researchers seeking this type of information might use an interval scale, as there are equal spaces between any two values which will provide more specific data than with a nominal or ordinal scale. As the distance between any two positions on an interval scale is of a known size, this method allows for the use of arithmetic operations, and the scale might be used for measurements pertaining to temperature, dollars, out to for, nor anything in which there is a direct measurable quantity with equality in units (Stevens, 1946). As with temperature, zero does not represent the absolute lowest value, and therefore inferences regarding the ratios of data cannot be made as an interval scale does not have a true value of zero (Thorndike Thorndike-Christ, 2009). A level of measurement that does possess a true value of zero and has the property of ratios has some similarities to an interval scale, and is called a ratio scale. The corresponding ratios on the scale have the same meaning and th e value of zero absolute, as in a measurement of height and weight (Thorndike Thorndike-Christ, 2009). The ratio scale can provide more specific information than the other levels of measurement; however, its complexity can be a factor in terms of the potential for research error. All four of these levels of measurement can be used singly and at times conjunctively in the design of a rating scale instrument dependent on the type of research being conducted. Therefore, the selection of a particular level of measurement is a fundamental concern for the researcher, as the success or failure of a research endeavor may lie in making an appropriate choice, as the subsequent types statistical analyses for each are varied and differentiated. Likert and Likert-Type Rating Scales The level of measurement most appropriate for this quantitative statistical study is an ordinal scale. As the focus of this study is on staff members attitudes, trying to render subjective and what might be considered qualitative data into quantitative measurements requires a method for categorizing responses. At the same time, care must be given in considering whether a particular scale item can be measured in terms of the distances between any two numbers in the rating scale. In 1932 Rensis Likert created and developed a methodology often used to assess feelings, attitudes, and opinions by providing a rating scale structure that addressed this concern (Likert, 1932). This method has widely utilized and adapted in many venues including education, social science, marketing, and a variety of other applications with empirical research evidence that confirms its reliability and validity (Abdel-Khalek, 1998; Chow Winzer, 1992; Maurer Andrews, 2000). This evidence further suggests that r ating bias is reduced and the reliability of the rating is highest when a 5 or 7 point or higher rating scale is used (Stennet, 2002). As a result, a typical Likert scale typically has 5 to 7 categories with 3 or 4 point scales often considered too few, particularly when parametric statistical methods are applied (Garson, 2002). The categories in a 5-point Likert scale is often coded as 1- Strongly Disagree, 2 Disagree, 3 -Neutral, 4 Agree, and 5 Strongly Agree, with percentage and nonparametric statistics used for analysis. The simplest form of Likert scale is analyzed in a summative manner; with the mean value of a Likert-item found by adding the number of responses to a Likert-item and dividing it by the number of points used for the rating scale. Whether or not Likert scales can or should be analyzed using parametric versus nonparametric tests is a source of ongoing controversy within the statistical community (Acock Martin, 1974). Efforts to quantify responses using paramet ric tests have led to an adaptation in scale design from the classic Likert model, to what is termed a Likert-type scale (Clason Dormody, 1994). A Likert-type scale differs from a Likert scale in the statement questions being singular in the response alternatives, allowing for the data to be treated as interval scale data for parametric statistical analysis (Brown, 2000; Clason Dormody, 1994; Cliff, 1984; Hodgson, 2003). With this approach, the mean score of Likert-type data from each question or statement could be compared using a t -test, though factors related to data distribution, sample size, and number of rating choices would need to be considered (Clason Dormody, 1994). This translation of ordinal rating scale data into that of an interval scale for the use of parametric statistical methods underscores the controversy identified by Acock Martin, 1974). As previously described in the levels of measurement, ordinal scales are ranked with no specific measurable difference or distance between the numerical categories, and statistical calculations used to determine the mean, standard deviation, and patterns of correlatio n may result in inaccurate research findings (Harwell Gatti, 2001; Miller, 1998). In the classic Likert scale design numbers to provide order and ranking, but since the actual distance and origin between the numbers is unknown, then it cannot be scored in an additive manner save to indicate the central tendency and range of the responses (Dawes, 2008). This supports the contention that non-parametric test should be used for a quantitative analysis, though it could be argued there are methods that would be more statistically accurate and valid, such as ordinal regression techniques (McCullagh, 1980). Furthermore, the calculation of the mean scores for the ordinal data would need to be established in order to be statistically valid in a analysis using parametric tests (Trochim, 2006), whereas those arguing against this approach contend that the median but not the mean can serve as a measure of central tendency (Trochim, 2006). For this study, the calculations for will exclude the mea n, though the mode, median, and range of the score distribution will be presented. Data Analysis A descriptive quantitative research methodology will be used for this study through the use of a survey that was designed to collect data from the direct care providers at the Colorado Mental Health Institute. A survey methodology is often used for data collection from a specific population or from a sample of the population (Robson, 1993). Within the realm of psychology, surveys are used for gathering data about individuals, groups and organizations, and larger social networks (Rossi, Wright, and Anderson, 1983). Most Americans have participated in some form of survey in an either online or in a paper format whether in an educational, social science, political, or marketing research context. Many organizations have employees participate in satisfaction surveys, and surveys in general have become a sort of social barometer for monitoring the publics attitudes and opinions. Often surveys target a specific population, with a sample survey focusing on subgroups determined by a variety o f factors such as gender, race, geography, political beliefs etc. dependent on the nature and focus of the subject areas studied (Rossi, Wright and Anderson, 1983). The advantages and strengths of using a survey methodology for gathering information are that they can be of a qualitative or quantitative design, and be easily administered to gather information quickly and inexpensively (Leary , 1995). In the past, this was frequently accomplished through the use of paper and mailed surveys, with the latter method used particularly when large populations were being surveyed. With advances in communication and digital technology, surveys can be conduct via electronic formats as varied as those associated with phones and computers. Other frequently used research methodologies such as personal interviews can be more time and cost intensive than with the use of a survey instrument, and anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents can be more difficult to control. These factors strongly influenced the researchers choice of a descriptive research methodology utilizing a survey instrument to assess the Colorado Mental Health institutes clinical employ ees attitudes, feelings, and lived experiences related to the crisis intervention training program the organization has utilized for 25 years. Few attitudinal surveys have been conducted regarding this specific subject area, and a review of the literature did not reveal any studies concerning the long-term impact of this type of training on the culture of a mental health organization. The Colorado Mental Health Institutes 2008 Safety Survey Another key factor that sponsored this researchers interest in designing and administering an attitudinal survey was a review of a safety survey conducted at the Colorado Mental Health Institute in 2008. The Colorado Mental Health Institute currently uses a survey methodology for exit interviews with clients that are discharging from the facility, as well as surveys designed to gauge employees job satisfaction. The Institute has only conducted one survey that concerned the subject area of crisis intervention training being focused on in the proposed study for this dissertation. The purpose of the survey was stated thusly: In light of the high number of patient to staff assaults in fiscal year 07-08, the hospital focused the annual Failure Mode Effects and Analysis on the Management of Assaultive Patients, and assembled a workgroup to perform the analysis. The hospital director suggested a staff survey specific to perceptions of safety to be done as part of the work on reducing assaul ts (Colorado Mental Health Institute Safety Survey, 2008). Although the survey provided some interesting results, there was no data regarding the internal and validity of the survey instrument. Thus, the results are highly questionable in terms of these factors, and the survey cannot be considered quantitatively accurate, though it can provide useful information for developing a more scientifically accurate instrument by analyzing its improper design. It is important to note that in 2008 the Colorado Mental Health Institute had eight treatment units as opposed to the four that currently provide service for adults, with the closure of geriatric, adolescent, and children services in recent years. 2008 Survey Methodology There were approximately 240 surveys distributed to the direct care staff members, with 224 surveys submitted by participants indicating a 93% return rate. The survey focused on the aggregated responses of nurses, Mental Health Clinicians, and Public Safety Officers (security) as the providers with the most direct care contact. The survey used a 5 point Likert scale shown below: Table 1. 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree The safety survey was comprised of four questions: I feel safe working with patients on my unit. I feel safe when I float to another unit. Crisis management training is useful/helpful in preparing me to deal effectively with agitated and escalated patients. I feel adequately trained to deal with assaultive patients. There was one open-ended question, asking What further training do you feel would be beneficial to prepare you to work with the various patient populations at the Colorado Mental Health Institute and the assault risks they present? Table 2. Colorado Mental Health Institute Safety Survey, 2008. The survey presented tables illustrating findings specific to each treatment unit similar to the one above. They are not included in this study for the sake of brevity, however, it is important to note that there was some disparity between the different populations responding to this survey and a slight difference between the teams and disciplines. These differences were small enough to lend credence to the aggregate results. Overall, the highest scored variable was I feel adequately trained to deal with assaultive patients at 3.96. The lowest scored variable was I feel safe when I float to another unit, at 3.21. CMT is useful/helpful in preparing meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ registered at a middle value at 3.21. All of the scores ranged between neutral and agree, and appear to have been derived using a summative method. The following tables further illustrate these findings (Colorado Mental Health Institute Safety Survey, 2008): Table 3. Table 4. There were only twenty responses to the open-ended question, What further training do you feel would be beneficial to prepare you to work with the various patient populations at the Colorado Mental Health Institute and the assault risks they present? Some of the responses did not specifically address training, for instance; several respondents said they needed more staff. Other respondents asked for training specific to patient populations, age group, and diagnoses. Several respondents stated that there should be an orientation to any units before floating (i.e. working on unfamiliar units). In addition, some respondents felt that they just needed more training, or more practice. Analysis of the 2008 Safety Survey Considering that this survey uses a 5 point scale the variable indicating 3.21 when employees float might have to do with the reaction of working in a different treatment setting with patients, staff, and conditions with which the employee is unfamiliar. The 3.96 rating ascribed to feeling adequately trained is relatively high, though there is a disparity when contrasted with the 3.21 rating of the perception of crisis management training being useful. The fact that all the readings are neutral or higher would support the contention found in the literature review that some form of crisis management training is more beneficial and preferable to having none at all. The middle score for crisis management training and the tenor of some of the individual comments suggest a performance gap with regards to the training process. This may have had to do with the crisis management training approach, the amount of practice and experience an employee has with using the techniques, or the assessm ent methods utilized to evaluate employee competency. However, these inferences are merely based on conjecture as the reliability and validity of the research instrument was not established. In addition, using only four Likert-items the survey design seems too limited in scope to gather a comprehensive overview of the employees attitudes and opinions. Therefore, the results are subject to interpretation, lacking in specificity and clarity, and cannot be considered as valid and reliable empirical evidence. Data Analysis Methods for the Proposed Survey The data analysis for the proposed survey for this study will begin by examining the surveys for correctness and completeness, and then numerically coding the responses into a database in the PASW-18 software (Predictive Analysis Software) and performing an analysis of descriptive responses. Surveys that are incomplete will be were discarded from the analysis, and the frequency tables and descriptive statistics will display the results relevant to answering the research questions. As described previously, the calculations will exclude the mean, though the mode, median, and range of the score distribution will be presented. A Chi-square test will conducted to determine if a relationship exists between frequencies, although it will not indicate the strength or positive/negative direction of the relationship. This is consistent with standard statistics guidelines for using the non-parametric tests that will be used in this study as opposed to parametric tests; for as Jamieson (2004) adv ises, the appropriate inferential statistics for ordinal data are those employing non-parametric tests, such as chi-squared, Spearmans Rho, or the Mann-Whitney U-test1 because parametric tests require data of interval or ratio level (p. 2113). As the numbers in the survey that will be assigned to Likert-items fall into the ordinal measurement scale, the descriptive statistics will include a mode or median for central tendency and frequencies for variability, and the inferential non-parametric tests will follow Jameisons (2004) recommendations, including Spearman s Rho to detect linear relationships and Kendalls tau-b for any increasing or decreasing relationship between the Likert scale questions. Data Collection Crisis intervention training is mandated for those staff members at the Colorado Mental Health Institute that provide direct care for clients residing in inpatient settings. In addition, those members in the Institutes administration that oversee this care are also involved in biannual trainings. Therefore, the sample population will consist of 210 clinical staff members, with the surveys distributed in the upcoming training review for the clinical staff members at the Institute. Although attendance for this training is mandated for employees, it will be made clear that participation in the survey is voluntary, with the anonymity of the participants made clear to addressing the issues regarding confidentiality. The respondents will be assured that the survey is anonymous and confidential, though they will be given the opportunity to provide information regarding their respective disciplines, years of service, level of education, and gender. Once the data has been collected, the resul ts will be recorded and statistically analyzed using PASW-18 software. Prior to the distribution of the surveys during training review, the purpose and importance of the study will be announced in each of the treatment units team meetings, and posted for all clinical staff members via the Institutes intranet e-mail service. Research Questions/Hypotheses _____ Describes specific research questions and hypotheses (where appropriate) that _____ Are clear and succinct _____ Are congruent with the Statement of Problem _____ Are answerable/testable _____ Correspond to the number of variables of interest _____ Have hypotheses that correspond to research questions _____ Are clearly stated _____ Are open-ended (not yes/no questions) Population and Sample The sampling frame for the survey consists of 210 members of the Institutes direct care staff, whose treatment teams multidisciplinary structure are comprised of management staff, nurses, social workers, psychiatrists, psychologists, therapeutic recreation specialists, occupational therapists and mental health clinicians. Although these disciplines function within a team context, there are differences in terms of power and status, as well as their amount of direct client care. Examples of these differences in station are the administrators, psychologists, and psychiatrists that comprise the upper echelon within the teams, with middle managers functioning as liaisons between the lower ranking team members and those higher up in the organization. The social workers on the team have a middling status with regards to power and prestige; with nurses and mental health clinicians representing the lowest status with the greatest amount of patient contact, though having the least contact with the hospital administration. Although this last factor is interesting from an organizational point of view, it is even more relevant in terms of the study as those staff members having the most direct contact with clients are the most likely to encounter and intervene in violent situations occurring on the inpatient units. Ethical Concerns There are ethical concerns inherent in any form of research study, particularly those involving the use of human subjects. To address these, procedures for protecting confidential and anonymity in data collection, analysis, reporting, and storage need to be developed and described. The researcher must be competent to perform the research procedures in order to reduce the risk of causing harm to human subjects, and the reputation of the sponsoring organization as well as the organization were the study is being conducted (Welman et al., 2005:182). For this proposed study, the researcher has completed the coursework for the Doctoral Program in Organizational Psychology at the University of the Rockies. This course of study has been grounded in the orientation and practice of conducting research, utilizing different kinds of research methodologies, undergoing training relative to conducting legal, ethical, and appropriate research procedures, and applying qualitative and quantitative an alysis in a variety of projects under the tutelage of qualified instructors at the doctoral level of education. There are a number of safeguards implemented by the University the Rockies to ensure that ethical concerns are addressed in an appropriate manner, including a requirement that the student completes two courses related exclusively to proper conduct and methodology in the research process, as well as the ethical research guidelines that need to be understood and followed. Throughout this training, the importance of the researchers work needing to be authentic and built upon his or hers own ideas have been emphasized, citing the use of other peoples ideas and data to avoid plagiarism. In addition, it has been made clear that providing data that is falsified or misleading is inappropriate and unethical. To ensure appropriate ethical standards are followed, student researchers at the University the Rockies are supervised by a committee of three psychologists, one serving as the committee chairman who works closely with the student. Finally, if the committee supports and approves the research proposal, it is reviewed by the Universitys Research Review Board and Institutional Review Board to ensure that the proposed study is original, contributes to the body of work in the field of psychology, and is held to the highest ethical standards. Factors related to the fairness of the proposed survey pose some ethical considerations. It is important that respondents understand the language used in the survey, and efforts have been made to make sure that each item is clear and easily understood. The specificity and clarity of the survey items was tested in the pilot study to assess if the respondents knowledgeable in the subject area interpreted each item in the intended way, and that this intention is made clear. The survey items are of a relatively simple construction reviewing concepts revisited frequently throughout the training process. Efforts have been made to design a survey that meets the validity and reliability standards discussed The possibility of ethical concerns arising for the respondents in this proposed study are reduced secondary to the anonymous and confidential nature of the survey; and that the previously, and the survey will be conducted with the same time parameters and conditions for all participants. voluntary participants being surveyed are employees as opposed to the Institutes clientele. Nevertheless, individuals participating in the survey may question the viability of keeping this information confidential, and worry that an honest and full disclosure of their views and feelings regarding the subject area may negatively impact their status within the organization. Efforts will be made to neutralize this factor by giving the respondents an accurate description of the study, and pointing out the potential benefits for the organization by improving the welfare and safety the Colorado Mental Health Institutes clients, as well as those charged with the responsibility of providing their care. The results of the study will be made available to all members of the Colorado Mental Health Institute, including any results that are associated with researcher error. Instrumentation The survey proposed for this study was designed to gather data based on the proposed research questions, and provide information to make appropriate conclusions and inferences based on empirical data. The instrument was designed to measure each respondents opinions, attitudes, lived experiences regarding the perceived value and effectiveness of the Crisis Prevention Institutes Nonviolent Crisis Intervention Program to manage violence. The attitudinal scale that will be used in the study will be based on a Likert scale, which is often used as a form of summative scale. The design is formatted using a variety of Likert scales with statements that the respondent evaluates by expressing their general level of agreement or disagreement. The scales proposed for this study to assess respondents perceptions of the Crisis Prevention Institutes Nonviolent Crisis Intervention Program effectiveness will use a 5-point Likert design. The survey is anonymous and voluntary with no identifying inform ation, though clarifying information such as gender, years of service, occupation, and years of education will be requested. The Likert-items for the survey targeted three general areas: 1) training objectives and content, 2) method and training context, and 3) usefulness and knowledge transfer. In the first category, 8 Likert-items refer to specific aspects and components in the training process. The second category contains 7 Likert-items that concerns applications of the training outside of the training event, as well as how it integrates with other training initiatives sponsored by the Colorado Mental Health Institute. The third and final category contains 6 Likert-items that are designed to explore employee attitudes regarding the training in terms of its relevance and utilization in real-life situations. Table 4. shows the rating scale that is used consistently throughout the survey, and for each of the three described categories. Table 4. Rating Scale. 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree or Disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree The survey has been reviewed by a panel of experts (committee members), who offered recommendations to make the Likert-items more specific and measurable, and then was administered to a screening sample of five people comprised of subjects similar to those who will eventually participate in the survey for this study. The inclusion of the neutral Neither Agree or Disagree category was included to avoid forcing the respondents to choose a response. The numbers of choices on a 5-point scale will present an odd number of choices, allowing respondents to remain neutral. The decision on whether or not to include a neutral category in a survey has been debated, with a decision either way potentially impacting the assessment results (Mogey, 1999). The participants in the screening/pilot sample will be excluded from the final pool of respondents for the survey, which was designed to be completed no more than 10 minutes of time. Some of the considerations in constructing the survey include res pondents possibly being influenced by the way they have answered previous questions, in terms of establishing a pattern that they feel the need to break. In addition, some members may desire to take extreme options but instead temper their responses with more moderate ones. This can be sometimes a challenge in terms of testing in a psychologically oriented environment, where participants are adept at finding and arguing dichotomous and often opposing viewpoints. Internal and External Validity Establishing the reliability and validity of the survey instrument proposed for this research study is fundamental as it is created as opposed to a published instrument. Suskie (1996) describes a questionnaire or survey as reliable when it elicits consistent responses from the participants, and this can be accomplished by providin

Banning Tobacco Essay -- Smoking Cigarettes Cigarette Smoker Smoke

Tobacco Tobacco has been around for many years, and it should be stopped, but can the economy handle it. The tobacco is reaching young children, and not to mention the nonsmokers as well. The medical effects alone should convince people to stop smoking. Even if the people wanted to quit, it's hard because they are already addicted. If the health doesn't stop people from smoking the cost should because this year the tax on tobacco has gone up dramatically. So now the cost is weakening our pockets. The only ones that win in the tobacco field are the Tobacco Company, because they make all the money. If profits fall, all they have to do is advertise a little harder and profits will roll in. But the Tobacco Company does employ a lot of people and is a huge part of the economy. There are a lot of smokers and rising, but today more then ever the smokers are the children. "By the age 18, about two-thirds of the young people in the United States have tried smoking."(Elders 1994) We must not let this happen, the kids are our future, and we should want the best for them, but this will help the tobacco company because "Most people are going to smoke are hooked by the time they are 20 years old."(Elders 1994) This will keep the young people from smoking for a long time. We must protect the children from smoking or we are put them in to an early grave. "Tobacco is estimated to have caused around three million deaths a year in the early 1990'a and rising."(Mccuen 1997) Pretty soon the smokers will get younger and young, we must save the children, or who will. Smokers are not the only ones that are effected by tobacco smoke. "Cigarettes don't only kill the smoker, they also kil... ...inors In Your Community, 1992, Stanford CRDP 5. Gold, Mark S. Tobacco, 1995, plenum 6. Hyde, Margaret O. Know About Smoking, 1990, New York 7. Kessler, David A. Smoking; Regulating Nicotine as a Drug be Necessary, 1995, San Diego 8. Mackenzie, Thomas D. Smoking; Smoking Should Be Regulated. 1995, San Diego 9. Marketguide (1996) http://www.marketguide.com/mgi/snap/7043N.html 10. McCuen, Gary E. Tobacco; People Profits and Public Health, 1997, Wisconsin 11. Pringle, Laurence. Smoking; A Risky Business, 1996. New York 12. Robertson, Brian. Smoking; Cigarette Tax Increase Would Be Harmful, 1995, San Diego 13. Waxman, Henry A. Smoking; Smoking Should Be Banned in Nonresidential Building, 1995, San Diego 14. Wilson, Catherine. The Orange County register; Secondhand smoke linked To more illnesses Health, 1997, Miami